With the translation of Kevin Lynch’s book, the “Image of the City”, new literature was added to Iranian architecture and urban planning. In this book, Image, the picture (or perception) of the city was translated to “Sima” regardless of its linguistic roots. With the introduction of the landscape architecture discipline, a new theoretical framework was added to the architecture and urban planning literature. Later, “Chesm Andaz” was also used by some experts as an equivalent for the term “landscape”. The use of these three words interchangeably has caused confusion in the translation of the concept of landscape or narrowed down its real meanings. This comparative study drew upon the European Commission’s definition of landscape to examine the extent to which vocabulary can convey the meaning of landscape in Persian. This study employed library research and lexicographical analysis. The two basic components of the landscape are dependence on the external place and the importance of the human mind and perception in his interactions with the environment. Nazar, in the language of Iranian thinkers, is a dynamic tool used for raising new awareness based on the perception of sensations, and “Manzar” is the name of the place in which this phenomenon occurs. Compared to “Sima, ” and “Chesm Andaz”, “Manzar” conveys a more complete sensory perception, and especially compared to “Chesm Andaz”, perception is distant and does not necessarily have a positive attribute. “Manzar” and “Sima” are not synonymous and interchangeable in terms of meaning. “Sima”, in the late meaning, is focused on form and does not express the subjectivity behind the form, therefore it can be considered a landscape form. The observer’s continuous conflict with the form of “Manazar” and is accompanied by its memories implies him from the image to the landscape. Compared to the stability of “Sima” and “Chem Andaz”, the level of the “Manzar” is more compatible with the dynamics of the landscape.

The estimated evapotranspiration of landscape with crop coefficient values should be set up relating with shadow, density modification and regulation of certain plant species which are estimated. Nowadays, according to three coefficients surplus are compared by evapotranspiration landscape plants, it is the problem to accurate calculation crop evapotranspiration of these parameters which are so high, and need high accuracy and will be demanded the using of proper methods. However one of the newest methods of estimating evapotranspiration is using large-scale satellite images which is in this research we would tried to use the satellite images by Sebal models and synoptic stations Mashhad in evapotranspiration rate of landscape (Mashhad Mellat Park). This parameter is with Kimberly Penman (1972), FAO Penman Mantis 56, radiation (FAO 24), Blani Criddle modified, Hargrive Samani, Prystly Taylor, Makking (1957), Turc, and the 24th FAO Penman 1948 Penman method compared with Sebal methods. The values of landscape coefficient obtained in this research have a close relationship with vegetation index and increased together the value of evapotranspiration calculated by Sebal method in warm months is more than calculated in other methods. This research is showed that by using coefficient obtained in Sebal model have showed the better results than Limp model. The Results show that differences between the values of reference evapotranspiration calculated by above methods with Lysimeter data of Ferdowsi University in May.Therefore the results given by the linear regression equation of Laysymetr were closed. Landscape coefficient obtained in this study, is closed relationship with vegetation index and increasing together.Sebal evapotranspiration values method is gram per month type and more than the values calculated by other relationships. This study showed that the using of this model coefficient obtained is better results in Sebal coefficient and better than limp model. These results show that Hargrive, Samani, Blani Criddle and Tork models are less accuracy and against them Prystly and Taylor, radiation and FAO 56 Penman Mantis and FAO are better than other methods and are close to Sebal model data. Therefore, to calculate the evapotranspiration Mashhad landscape or regions with similar climates could be used three methods to set Prystly Taylor, radiation and FAO 56, Penman Mantis models accompany with landscape coefficients which presented in this study.

The desert areas of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

Space syntax theory proposes a quantitative and tangible method to recognize and analyze the space configuration and structure. Although it is not a new technique, it is still applied and evolved. In this regard, the current study sought to solve some of the structural and conceptual limitations and deficiencies of the space syntax by providing a novel method through recognizing the landscape aspects. Then, the novel term definition, “Landscape Syntax”, can be obtained using the achievements of this method. This research seeks to answer the question that How different will the indicators and assessment method be if we use landscape syntax instead of space syntax? This study aims to reconcile the definition of landscape with space and syntactic patterns of space, seeks to enable a specific syntactic pattern of landscape to understand the syntax of the landscape. The current basic research is qualitative in nature and applied in terms of purpose. The research process is a mixture of content analysis (descriptive, analytical, and deductive explanation). The space syntax concepts are classified using the content analysis method and are corresponded to the landscape concepts. According to the results of this study, the landscape has neglected aspects in space syntax concepts. (Some of the landscape aspects has been neglected in space syntax. )The main part of the new concepts of the landscape approach that are not in the syntactic system is the semantic factors, especially interpretive-subjective factors. These factors have value indices that must be inserted into the syntactic simple graph calculations. To this end, a network of the new landscape approach indices is put on the syntactic network to determine the valuable points. The newly developed method is the landscape syntax network. The graph obtained from the landscape syntax is a weighted graph, which is weighted through the value of the landscape approach indices. Landscape syntax is developed by adding the new aspects of the landscape approach, which is an upgraded and developed version of the previous versions.

Current metropolitan buildings consider windows solely as sources of natural light and rarely provide for favorable views. This paper investigates the favorableness of window view towards the sky. To this end, a literature survey including both cultural and evolutionary approaches indicates that sky is a favorable view per se. A sample of working adults was then selected for survey. Their preference for diverse views was recorded. The results show that view from a window towards the sky is significantly preferred to views to the cityscape and its built elements. After view towards the sky, vistas including the city silhouette as well as the sky are favored. The worst preferred views are those that look at built elements at a close distance.

Cover plants, among the most commonly used plants in the realm of green spaces, are typically characterized by shallow roots. In this research, a simple and flexible algorithm has been introduced for calculating the basal crop coefficient and evaporation coefficient of shallow-rooted plants without the use of (micro-) lysimeters. The presented algorithm requires measurements of moisture at three depths for short-term calculations and only surface layer moisture monitoring for long-term calculations. Using this algorithm, it is possible to calculate the potential evaporation and transpiration of the plant. Furthermore, the presented algorithm is independent of time steps. To evaluate this algorithm, nine experimental plots were utilized, including six Frankenia plots with full coverage and three bare soil plots during the peak water demand period. All experiments were conducted at the educational site of irrigation systems in the vicinity of the meteorological site of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). For this purpose, the water content and irrigation of these plots was fulfilled (at most) every 48 hr. The results indicated that the presented algorithm has good capabilities for estimating the basal crop and evaporation coefficients. Additionally, the basal crop coefficient for Frankenia plant was found to be 1, and the evaporation coefficient was 0.58. Therefore, this method can be employed for estimating the water requirements of different plants without using (micro-) lysimeters.

Land cover/use change induced by human activities, ignoring environmental constrains caused landscape degradation. The continuous land use change has also severe impacts on natural ecosystems. Therefore, in consideration with the negative effects of unsuitable use of land and land use change, knowledge and understanding about the changes is essential in environmental impact assessment for sustainable planning and land management .This study is for investigating the trends of changes in the landscape, in Neka Watershed. In order to provide land cover maps the satellite images of MSS 1972, TM 1992, ETM+2001 were applied and landscape metrics of class area, largest patch index, number and mean patch size were used to quantify landscape patterns. The analysis of landscape metrics revealed that the extensive replacement of agricultural lands and forests with rangelands and the results verified that increased patch number and decreased mean patch area were two important fragmentation indicators and the trend of degradation and fragmentation of the landscape was increasing. Therefore the results necessitated paying attention to the quality of land use and cover in the region for decreasing the natural resources degradation.

The problems of rapid civilizations, ignorance of urban open spaces & urban sprawls especially in Europe and North American cities, cause the new approach "Landscape Urbanism" in recent decades. Besides, interaction and overlaps between landscape architecture and urban design and ignorance of them to the landscape and open space as a main infrastructure of the city has been increased the need for this approach. In the traditional approaches, architecture always considered as a main element of city building. However, with the growing importance of landscape urbanism, this emphasize as been changed.The main goal of this article is to understand landscape urbanism as a new approach emergent according to the interaction of landscape architecture and urban design. The result of this article shows that landscape urbanism as a new trend owns its fundamentals and goals from landscape architecture and urban design. This approach has an interdisciplinary nature. In this trend, landscape and open space as main elements of the city building are the core emphasizes. The survey of academic conditions shows that a few universities establish independent educational programs of landscape urbanism. Teaching the courses of this discipline is done in the middle of the related programs syllabuses.